Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstrual cramps that occur before or during a woman’s period. Many women experience discomfort in the lower abdomen, back, or thighs, which can be sharp, aching, or throbbing. While it’s normal to have some discomfort during menstruation, for those with dysmenorrhea, the pain can be severe enough to interfere with daily activities. Think of it as a persistent, deep pain that comes every month and is hard to ignore.